Topic outline

  • General

  • Contact sheet

    Subject teachers :  Dr. KADI-BIREM / Dr. OUAZOUAZ

    Weekly time allocation: 4h30

    Classes: 3 hours / Tutorials: 1.5 hours

    Coefficient: 3

    Credits: 6


    • Targeted skills

      Upon completing this subject, you will learn:

      • The structure of the three macromolecules of living matter: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, in detail.

      • To establish the relationship between their chemical properties, their reactions, and their metabolic interactions.

      • The metabolic pathways of these molecules and their fate in the human body.

      • Pre-requisites

        Basic knowledge of cellular biology and human anatomy

        Chemical bonds.

         

        • Course outline

          Part I: Structural Biochemistry

          1. Carbohydrates

          2. Lipids

          3. Amino Acids/Proteins

          4. Kinetic Enzymology

          5. Bioenergetics

          Part II: Metabolic Biochemistry

          1. Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis / Citrate Cycle / Electron Transport Chain / Glycogen Synthesis / Glycogenolysis / Pentose Phosphate Pathway

          2. Lipid Metabolism: Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids / Fatty Acid Synthesis

          3. Protein Metabolism: Urea Cycle.



          • Syllabus

          • Chapter1- Structure of carbohydrates

            • Chapter content Page

              This chapter begins with a classification diagram of carbohydrates [monosaccharides and oligosaccharides].

              We will first discuss monosaccharides by covering their general chemical formulas and families [aldoses and ketoses].

              Various concepts of stereochemistry [enantiomers, isomers, epimers, etc.] and how to distinguish them.

              The cyclization of monosaccharides and the concept of anomers [alpha and beta].

              The calculation of the optical rotation of a monosaccharide or a mixture of two monosaccharides.

              Mutarotation.

              Reactions of monosaccharides [reduction, oxidation, permethylation, etc.].

              Disaccharides: their structures and nomenclature.

              Polysaccharides.


          • Chapter2- Structure of lipids

          • Chapter3- Structure of amino acids/proteins

            • Chapter content Page

              - Amino Acids

              This chapter begins by reminding students of the chemical structure of an amino acid. We will then discuss the concept of amphoteric properties, which will lead us to the titration of an amino acid.

              • We will explore how to utilize the amphoteric properties of amino acids for separation using either thin-layer chromatography (TLC) or ion-exchange chromatography.

              • Next, we will examine the reactions of amino acids [deamination, transamination, decarboxylation, etc.].

              - Proteins

              • A review of peptide bonds.

              • The spatial structure of proteins [alpha helices and beta sheets].

              • How to transition from a native structure to a denatured structure.

              • Methods for determining the amino acid composition of a polypeptide chain [Sanger and Edman methods, etc.].

            • Learning activity

          • Chapter 4 : Enzymes

            • Enzymes part 1 File

              Structure, properties and classes of enzymes

            • Enzymes part 2 File

              Enzymatic kinetics : Michaelis-Menten kinetics, Lineweaver–Burk plot, Biological effectors and allosteric enzymes 

          • Chapter 5 : Bioenergetics

            • Chapter 5- Metabolism of carbohydrates

              • Chapter content Page

                - In this chapter, it is crucial for the student to have an overview of metabolism by clearly visualizing all metabolic pathways, the connections between them, the pathways favored by the organism based on its needs, and especially the anatomical localization of each pathway. After this overview, we will discuss the enzymatic reactions of each pathway.

                • We will first examine the four stages of cellular respiration:

                  • Glycolysis

                  • Decarboxylation of pyruvate

                  • Krebs Cycle

                  • Oxidative Phosphorylation

                Next, we will explore the reactions of gluconeogenesis, the synthesis and degradation of glycogen, and finally, the pentose phosphate pathway.

            • Chapter 6- Metabolism of lipids

              • Chapter7- Metabolism of amino acids

                • Chapter content Page

                  We start this chapter by drawing attention to the connection between amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, highlighting the role of alanine in glucose synthesis.

                  We will then discuss the transamination and deamination reactions necessary for the production of ammonia, which serves as the starting point for the urea cycle.

                  Afterward, we will examine the reactions of the urea cycle.


              • RDV