Aperçu des sections
Contact sheet
Subject teachers : Dr. KADI-BIREM / Dr. OUAZOUAZ
Weekly time allocation: 4h30
Classes: 3 hours / Tutorials: 1.5 hours
Coefficient: 3
Credits: 6
Targeted skills
Upon completing this subject, you will learn:
The structure of the three macromolecules of living matter: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, in detail.
To establish the relationship between their chemical properties, their reactions, and their metabolic interactions.
The metabolic pathways of these molecules and their fate in the human body.
Course outline
Part I: Structural Biochemistry
Lipids
Amino Acids/Proteins
Kinetic Enzymology
Bioenergetics
Part II: Metabolic Biochemistry
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis / Citrate Cycle / Electron Transport Chain / Glycogen Synthesis / Glycogenolysis / Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Lipid Metabolism: Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids / Fatty Acid Synthesis
Protein Metabolism: Urea Cycle.
Chapter1- Structure of carbohydrates
This chapter begins with a classification diagram of carbohydrates [monosaccharides and oligosaccharides].
We will first discuss monosaccharides by covering their general chemical formulas and families [aldoses and ketoses].
Various concepts of stereochemistry [enantiomers, isomers, epimers, etc.] and how to distinguish them.
The cyclization of monosaccharides and the concept of anomers [alpha and beta].
The calculation of the optical rotation of a monosaccharide or a mixture of two monosaccharides.
Mutarotation.
Reactions of monosaccharides [reduction, oxidation, permethylation, etc.].
Disaccharides: their structures and nomenclature.
Polysaccharides.
Chapter3- Structure of amino acids/proteins
- Amino Acids
This chapter begins by reminding students of the chemical structure of an amino acid. We will then discuss the concept of amphoteric properties, which will lead us to the titration of an amino acid.
We will explore how to utilize the amphoteric properties of amino acids for separation using either thin-layer chromatography (TLC) or ion-exchange chromatography.
Next, we will examine the reactions of amino acids [deamination, transamination, decarboxylation, etc.].
- Proteins
A review of peptide bonds.
The spatial structure of proteins [alpha helices and beta sheets].
How to transition from a native structure to a denatured structure.
Methods for determining the amino acid composition of a polypeptide chain [Sanger and Edman methods, etc.].
- Learning activity
Chapter 4 : Enzymes
Structure, properties and classes of enzymes
Enzymatic kinetics : Michaelis-Menten kinetics, Lineweaver–Burk plot, Biological effectors and allosteric enzymes
Chapter 5- Metabolism of carbohydrates
- In this chapter, it is crucial for the student to have an overview of metabolism by clearly visualizing all metabolic pathways, the connections between them, the pathways favored by the organism based on its needs, and especially the anatomical localization of each pathway. After this overview, we will discuss the enzymatic reactions of each pathway.
We will first examine the four stages of cellular respiration:
Glycolysis
Decarboxylation of pyruvate
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Next, we will explore the reactions of gluconeogenesis, the synthesis and degradation of glycogen, and finally, the pentose phosphate pathway.
Chapter7- Metabolism of amino acids
We start this chapter by drawing attention to the connection between amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, highlighting the role of alanine in glucose synthesis.
We will then discuss the transamination and deamination reactions necessary for the production of ammonia, which serves as the starting point for the urea cycle.
Afterward, we will examine the reactions of the urea cycle.