Biochemistry

This chapter begins with a classification diagram of carbohydrates [monosaccharides and oligosaccharides].

We will first discuss monosaccharides by covering their general chemical formulas and families [aldoses and ketoses].

Various concepts of stereochemistry [enantiomers, isomers, epimers, etc.] and how to distinguish them.

The cyclization of monosaccharides and the concept of anomers [alpha and beta].

The calculation of the optical rotation of a monosaccharide or a mixture of two monosaccharides.

Mutarotation.

Reactions of monosaccharides [reduction, oxidation, permethylation, etc.].

Disaccharides: their structures and nomenclature.

Polysaccharides.